Introduction of Kaplan turbine

The Kaplan turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine, which means that the working fluid changes pressure as it moves through the turbine and gives up its energy. Power is recovered from both the hydrostatic head and from the kinetic energy of the flowing water. The design combines features of radial and axial turbines. Its main parts usually include Blades, hub, main shaft, runner cone, rotating mechanism.
Kaplan turbines are now widely used throughout the world in high-flow, low-head power production. The Kaplan turbine was an evolution of the Francis turbine. Its invention allowed efficient power production in low-head applications that was not possible with Francis turbines. 
According to whether the runner blade is movable or not in operation, it is divided into two categories: axial movable-blade type and axial fixed-blade type.

Application scope
Application scope of heads: 10m~70m
Runner diameters: 2.0m~11.0m
Installable capacity: 500KW ~ 200000KW
Specific ratio speed: 200 ~ 850

Brief Description
The blades of axial fixed-blade turbine are fixed on runner hub. The place angle of blades cannot be changed in operation. As its efficiency curve is relatively steep, it is suitable for small load change or the station to adjust the running amount of the units in order to adapt to the load variation. It has the advantages of simple structure and low cost, while the disadvantage is that its efficiency will decline sharply when deviating from the design condition. According to its characteristics, the axial fixed-blade turbine is commonly used in the hydropower station with small output, low water head and small head variations. The axial fixed-blade turbine has larger flow capacity and the improved cavitation performance than axial movable-blade turbine, but it cannot meet the requirements of the hydropower stations whose head and load change is too big. Its specific ratio speeds are 250~700 and applicable heads are 3~50m.

Axial movable-blade turbine is also called Kaplan Turbine, its blades is usually operated by the oil pressure relay installed in the runner hug and can be turned according to head and load changes in order to keep the optimal coordination between the activity of the guide vane angle and the blade angle to enhance average efficiency. The maximum efficiency of this kind of turbine have been more than 94%. Its has the advantages of small size and light weight, while the disadvantage is easily limited flow capacity when available head increases, large cavitation coefficient, complicated structure, high cost. The axial movable-blade turbine is commonly used in the large and medium-sized hydropower station with output and head vary widely. Its specific speed is up to 200~850, which applies to the station of low head (3~80m) and large load change.

Characteristics of Kaplan turbine

Except for the runner, other components of axial turbine are similar to the mixed-flow turbine.
1. Characteristics of axial turbine
1) High speed which is 2 times of mixed-flow turbine when H and N is the same, small size.
2) The runner blades can turn (double adjustment), the turbine has high efficiency when H and N change.
2. Structure of runner: axial movable-blade turbine is usually used in large hydropower station with low head and large discharge.
* Main Parts: Blades, hub, main shaft, runner cone, rotating mechanism.
* Blade: Curved surface, airfoil section, thick root, thin edge to bear the torque of water flow.
* Amount of blades: Related to H, generally 4~8 pieces.
* Blade rotating angle F: F=0°; when optimum operating condition, the blades begin to turn when F>0, the blades turn to close when F<0. -15°>F<+20°.
* Hub: Connected with blades externally, installed rotating mechanism internally.
* Rotating mechanism: It is installed inside the hub, controlled by governor, high-speed guide vane angle.

More Information
The Kaplan turbine is the most widely used of the propeller-type turbines, but several other commonly-installed variations exist:
Propeller turbines have non-adjustable propeller vanes. They are used in where the range of head is not large. Commercial products exist for producing several hundred watts from only a few feet of head. Larger propeller turbines produce more than 100 MW.