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1.A transformer is an electrical device that transfers energy between two circuits through electromagnetic induction. A transformer may be used as a safe and efficient voltage converter to change the AC voltage at its input to a higher or lower voltage at its output without changing the frequency. Other uses include current conversion, isolation with or without changing voltage and impedance conversion.

2.A transformer most commonly consists of two windings of wire that are wound around a common core to provide tight electromagnetic coupling between the windings. The core material is often a laminated iron core. The coil that receives the electrical input energy is referred to as the primary winding, the output coil is the secondary winding.

3.An alternating electric current flowing through the primary winding (coil) of a transformer generates a varying electromagnetic field in its surroundings which induces a varying magnetic flux in the core of the transformer. The varying electromagnetic field in the vicinity of the secondary winding induces an electromotive force in the secondary winding, which appears as a voltage across the output terminals. If a load is connected across the secondary winding, a current flows through the secondary winding drawing power from the primary winding and its power source.A transformer cannot operate with direct current. When connected to a DC source, a transformer typically produces a short output pulse as the input current rises. The operation of a transformer is based on two principles of the laws of electromagnetic induction: An electric current through a conductor, produces a magnetic field surrounding the conductor, and a changing magnetic field in the vicinity of a conductor induces a voltage across the ends of that conductor.

4.The magnetic field excited in the primary coil gives rise to self-induction as well as mutual induction between coils. This self-induction counters the excited field to such a degree that the resulting current through the primary winding is very small when the secondary winding is not connected to a load.

5.The physical principles of the inductive behavior of the transformer are most readily understood and formalized when making some assumptions to construct a simple model which is called the ideal transformer. This model differs from real transformers by assuming that the transformer is perfectly constructed and by neglecting that electrical or magnetic losses occur in the materials used to construct the device.

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