THE SERPENTINE MINERAL GROUP
Serpentine is not a single mineral, but rather a group of related minerals. Besides for the main members of Antigorite and Chrysotile, a distinction is not usually made between the individual members except under scientific study and classification. Antigorite usually represents the more solid forms, and Chrysotile usually represents the fibrous forms, especially asbestos. Chrysotile is further sub-classified into four member minerals by its crystallization, and Clinochrysotile is by far the most prevalent form of Chrysotile.

Fibrous Chrysotile, a type of asbestos, should never be brought near the mouth. If its fibers or particles enter the lungs, they can cause asbestosis. Asbestosis is a lung disease caused by inhalation of asbestos particles, which causes several cancers, particularly lung cancer and mesothelioma. Symptoms of asbestosis do not arise until about 20 years after the inhalation. Due to the hazards, washing hands after handling specimens is highly recommended. Many mineral collectors avoid collecting asbestos minerals out of safety concerns.
Chemical Formula
The Serpentine group is composed of several related minerals. A generic formula that includes all members is:
X2-3Si2O5(OH)4

Where X = Mg, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ni , Al, Zn, or Mn.
(One of the two Si atoms may also be replaced by an Al or Fe atom in a few rare members.)

This leads to a complete formula of (Mg,Fe,Ni,Al,Zn,Mn)2-3(Si,Al,Fe)2O5(OH)4.

(The subscripted 2-3 after the first set of elements denotes that there are two or three of the selected elements, depending on the charge of the element. Some very rare forms of Serpentine contain water [H2O] in place of the hydroxyl [OH]. Since the charge of water is different from hydroxyl, the formula of these rare forms is slightly altered.)

The two most common members of the Serpentine Group are:
Antigorite - (Mg,Fe)3Si2O5(OH)4
Chrysotile - Mg3Si2O5(OH)4

Chrysotile is not a single mineral, but a group of polymorphous minerals with the same chemical composition but different crystal lattice. Chrysotile polytypes are:
Clinochrysotile (monoclinic)
Orthochrysotile (orthorhombic)
Parachrysotile (orthorhombic)
Lizardite (hexagonal)

Other members of the Serpentine group are:
Amesite - Mg2Al(SiAl)O5(OH)4
Cronstedtite - Fe2+2Fe3+(SiFe3+)O5(OH)4
Fraipontite - (Zn,Al)3(Si,Al)2O5(OH)4
Nepouite - Ni3Si2O5(OH)4

There are several additional members of the Serpentine group not discussed here due to there extreme rarity.

Composition
Basic silicate of magnesium, iron, aluminum, nickel, zinc, and manganese. (Some rare varieties contain water in place of the hydroxyl, and substitute a different metal in exchange of the charge difference.)
Color
White, yellow, green, gray, brown, black, purple; sometimes multicolored, especially green and yellow.
Streak
White
Hardness
2 - 5
Crystal System
Monoclinic
Crystal Forms
and Aggregates
Antigorite, Clinochrysotile, Cronstedtite, Fraipontite, and Nepouite all crystallize in the monoclinic crystal system.
Orthochrysotile and Parachrysotile crystallize in the orthorhombic crystal system.
Lizardite crystallizes in the hexagonal crystal system.
Amesite crystallizes in the triclinic crystal system.

Serpentine aggregates include massive, platy, fibrous (forming tough, flexible and elastic fibers), botryoidal, columnar, earthy, platy, micaceous, in pyramidal groupings, in parallel bladed groups, and as fibrous veins. Fibrous veins may be straight, but are more often in curved, angled veins. Some fibrous forms are extremely soft and flexible and resemble wool. Serpentine also pseudomorphs after many minerals, where it form in the same crystal shape as the pseudomorphed mineral.
Transparency
Translucent to opaque. Rarely transparent.
Specific Gravity
2.5 - 3.2
Luster
Greasy, waxy, or silky
Cleavage
Usually not discernible because of crystal development.
Chrysotile may exhibit basal cleavage.
Fracture
Conchoidal, splintery
Tenacity
Brittle. Fibrous Serpentine is flexible and elastic.
Other ID Marks
1) Has a greasy feel.
2) Yellow Serpentine often fluoresces a cream-white color in shortwave ultraviolet light.
In Group
Silicates; Phyllosilicates
Striking Features
Greasy feel, soft compared to similar minerals, and may flexible and elastic.
Environment
Serpentine is fairly common in many environments, and is an important rock forming mineral in many metamorphic environments.
Rock Type
Metamorphic

Properties:

This stone is an excellent stone for meditation. It can be used to clear clouded areas of all the Chakra and especially to assist in opening the Heart Chakra. It is also believed to help activate the kundalini, or 'serpent fire' energies. By placing this stone on the Crown Chakra, it initiates the movement of kundalini energy up the spine. Relaxes one's overall nature. Clears the chakras and is excellent for enhancing meditation.

Folk Remedies:

Serpentine emits a profound healing vibration and facilitates the energetic activation of cellular regeneration. Renders assistance to disorders in all areas of the body, the emotional system, and mental structure. Works on the heart and lungs by helping to withdraw toxins and activates the absorption of nutrients and oxygen. It is used in the treatment of diabetes and hypoglycemia, eliminates parasites and used to increase the absorption of magnesium and calcium.

Feng Shui: Used in the North area for personal journeys and in the Center area to increase spirituality and find balance.

History:

This stone is light to dark green to whitish green in color and displays what appears to look of skin from a snake, due to its inclusions and variations in color. Worn as an amulet to protect those from snakebite during ancient times,

Serpentine is most commonly green, though sometimes brown, black, or white. Antigorite refers to the darker green version. Very often referred to as New Jade, Serpentine is NOT a true Jade, but a less expensive, less known stone of green color. It sometimes displays a fibrous or greasy appearance. Sometimes called Ophiolite or Williamsite.
Mystical Properties: Considered an important gemstone to the Assyrians. As early as 4000 B.C., used in Seals and Cylinders, Serpentine was known as Za-tu-mush-gir.
The 30th Chapter of the Egyptian Book of the Dead is said to be carved from a tablet of Serpentine. The Aztecs prized all green stones and Serpentine was known to be valued in their time. Rasputin was said to favor Serpentine and requested an entire dinner set be created for him by the Czar and Czarina as a favor for saving the life of their son.

Sometimes considered the 2nd stone on the Breastplate of Aaron during the Exodus. Each of the 12 stones on the breastplate represented one of the 12 Tribes, in this case, Pitdah/Simeon and a banner flag flew in the tribe's camp of this color (light green).
Italian peasants believed that carrying Serpentine pebbles protected them from the venom of poisonous creatures. These pebbles must be in their natural state and untouched by iron, or they would lose their protective nature.
Legends also suggest that Serpentine worn around a nursing mother's neck, improves milk production.
Considered a gemstone of the 4th and 7th Chakras, wearing Serpentine Jewelry is thought to clear cloudy Chakras.

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