01. by absorbing the calcium and magnesium ions in water with resin, since the water hardness is mainly composed of calcium and magnesium, therefore, cation exchange resin (softener) is used to replace Ca2+, Mg2+ (main ingredients for scale) in water, as the increase of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in resin, removing performance on Ca2+, Mg2+ of resin will be gradually weakened.
02. When the resin has absorbed a certain amount of calcium and magnesium ions, it must be regenerated, the regeneration process is that flushing resin layer with the salt water from salt case, replacing hardness ion out of the resin again, and discharging wastewater out of the tank by regeneration, then resin recover the function of softening and exchanging.
03. working principle of sodium ion exchange and softening treatment is to exchange sodium cation with resin to soften the raw water , hardness content Ca2+and Mg2+ in water will be exchanged with Na+ in the resin to absorb the Ca2+and Mg2+ to make the water to be softened.
2RNa + Ca2+ = R2Ca + 2Na+
2RNa + Mg2+ = R2Mg + 2Na+
After the water treated by sodium ion exchanger, the Ca+ and Mg+ were exchanged to be Na +.

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